Background and Purpose Activation of the defence reaction inhibits baroreflex response via intermediate rostro-ventromedial medulla (B3 raphé) nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Our aim was to determine whether how inhibition, induced by disinhibition rostral cuneiform (part pathway), involves 5-HT neurons in B3 5-HT3 receptors NTS. Experimental Approach We performed immunohistochemistry anatomi...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

We have studied the distribution of neurokinin A-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the cat brainstem. The densest clusters of perikarya containing the peptide were observed in the periaqueductal gray, inferior colliculus, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, medial nucleus of the solitary tract and in the lateral reticular nucleus. By contrast, the interpeduncular nucleus, magnocellu...

We studied the distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the cat brain stem. A high or moderate density of perikarya containing parvalbumin was observed in the periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, superior and inferior colliculi, and in the substantia nigra. The nucleus ruber, cuneiform nucleus, preolivary nucleus, retrorubral n...

background: the presence of nitric oxide (no) in the cuneiform nucleus (cnf) has been previously shown. in this study, ng-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-name) (an inhibitor of no synthase), l-arginine (l-arg) (a precursor of no), and sodium nitroprusside (snp) (a donor of no) were microinjected into the cnf and cardiovascular responses were investigated. methods: seventy male rats were divide...

We evaluated the gross morphology, location, and fiber cell architecture of equatorial cortical opacities in the aging human lens. Using dark-field stereomicroscopy, we photographed donor lenses in toto and as thick slices. In addition, we investigated the details of the fiber cell architecture using fluorescent staining for membranes and by scanning electron microscopy. We then combined our da...

Introduction: The underlying mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular response to hemorrhage (HEM) is still unknown; however, several brain areas, such as the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) have shown to be involved. In this study, the cardiovascular effect of the CnF during HEM was evaluated. Methods: The animals were divided into the following groups: 1. Vehicle; 2. HEM; 3. Cobalt chloride (CoC...